Hardware

Beeps

• single beep : Usually Okay or attention.
• long deep beep/s : memory
• short deep beep followed by long beep, repeated, almost like a siren: CPU/Component overheat.

Lights

Some boards might have a 4 LED matrix for error codes, you might need to look up your boards manual

• red light on Video card/board : not enough power, check all connections including the 4pin +v rail next to CPU socket
• white light(s) on Video card: Power is Okay

Error types

blue screens

• in file NVxxxx.sys is likely to be nvidia drivers, requiring removal in safe mode and reinstall in normal boot.
• in file AMDxxx.sys can be AMD video drivers, Memory system or CPU, more diagnostics needed.

Memory references

Manufacturer specifics

Lenovo has a phone app what tells you the error from hearing its beep code automatically, unfortunately most manufacturers are removing the basic speaker for this function on modern equipment. InSyde BIOSes is a whole weird thing, and doesn't seem to match other BIOS error codes.

Software

If a critical software module fails at Boot time (see the 2024 CrowdStrike incident), then it will cause a bluescreen if there is no fallback/bypass existing. This bluescreen will state the file what caused the error allowing remedial work to be carried out on it in Safe Mode.

If the filename matches a Windows filename, then best thing to try is a repair boot from USB, or if drive damage/corruption seems to be present (SMART report might help determine this) then a replacement drive and reinstall/data recovery would be a better option.

Other noises

• Metallic clicking/Grinding noises: This is usually a Mechanical Hard Drive making this sort of noise, there will be a noticeable pattern (like when accessing files/booting it'll be more audible). This is usually a bad sign and Data Recovery is not very likely to succeed.
• A Slight pitching hum noise: Normally appears on older systems where the case is slightly warped or unbalanced, can be fixed temporarily with a slight movement. Would look repositioning and checking fans inside for movement.
• Crackling/loud static: Possibly Fan bearings or speakers damage, checking where the noise is coming from would confirm fans if louder near vents or noise changes with movement. Can also be speakers if a grounding issue is present.
• Some monitors do this when power cables aren't in properly. Also built in speakers can be weird if speaker cable grounds on casing.